This latter hypothesis has been supported by ancient genomic data, which indicate that the eastern Fertile Crescent was one of three regions key in shaping the Neolithic goat gene pool ( 10). However, this region of western Iran has been recently postulated as a primary center for the domestication of a number of plant and animal species ( 4), including barley ( 5, 6), possibly emmer wheat ( 7), several pulse species ( 8), and most notably, goats ( 9). Until recently, the western part of this region was cast as the epicenter of this transition, while the Zagros Mountains, at the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent, was considered a backwater, slow to receive and embrace domesticates and food-producing technologies from farther west ( 2, 3). The initial domestication of southwest Asian crops and livestock species unfolded across the Fertile Crescent after the end of the Younger Dryas climatic downturn circa 9600 BC and coalesced into fully integrated agricultural economies by 7500 cal BC ( 1). In these sites a combination of high autosomal and mtDNA diversity, contrasting limited Y chromosomal lineage diversity, an absence of reported selection signatures for pigmentation, and the wild morphology of bone remains illustrates domestication as an extended process lacking a strong initial bottleneck, beginning with spatial control, demographic manipulation via biased male culling, captive breeding, and subsequently phenotypic and genomic selection. This genetic duality, the presence of long runs of homozygosity, shared ancestry with later Neolithic populations, a sex bias in archaeozoological remains, and demographic profiles from across all layers of Ganj Dareh support management of genetically domestic goat by circa 8200 cal BC, and represent the oldest to-this-date reported livestock genomes. These genomes show two distinct clusters: those with domestic affinity and a minority group with stronger wild affinity, indicating that managed goats were genetically distinct from wild goats at this early horizon. To examine the genomic imprint of initial management and its implications for the goat domestication process, we analyzed 14 novel nuclear genomes (mean coverage 1.13X) and 32 mitochondrial (mtDNA) genomes (mean coverage 143X) from two such sites, Ganj Dareh and Tepe Abdul Hosein. The Aceramic Neolithic (∼9600 to 7000 cal BC) period in the Zagros Mountains, western Iran, provides some of the earliest archaeological evidence of goat ( Capra hircus) management and husbandry by circa 8200 cal BC, with detectable morphological change appearing ∼1,000 y later. Nearly nine out of 10 covid deaths are people over the age 65.įor the latest news, sign up for our free newsletter. In the U.S., pandemic trends have shifted and now White people are more likely to die from covid than Black people. Where do things stand? See the latest coronavirus numbers in the U.S. We’ve also created a guide to help you decide when to keep wearing face coverings. Guidance: CDC guidelines have been confusing - if you get covid, here’s how to tell when you’re no longer contagious. We answered some f requently asked questions about the bivalent booster shots. New covid variant: The XBB.1.5 variant is a highly transmissible descendant of omicron that is now estimated to cause about half of new infections in the country. Here’s guidance on when you should get the omicron booster and how vaccine efficacy could be affected by your prior infections. New federal data shows adults who received the updated shots cut their risk of being hospitalized with covid-19 by 50 percent. Vaccines: The CDC recommends that everyone age 5 and older get an updated covid booster shot.
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